Mystery Man of Stonehenge

Archeologists were finishing excavating in Amesbury (planned development of housing) in spring, 2002. It is necessary to admit that Amesbury is situated in the southwest of England. During excavation the small Roman cemetery was uncovered by archeologists and thus that finding was considered fairly common. Nevertheless, two skeletons were discovered and one of them was important as it was interred in grave made up of timber. The position of a mystery skeleton was rather common for burials in Bronze Age – skeleton’s legs were in a fetal position. Furthermore, skeleton had a hole in a jawbone proving that he had an abscess. The mystery man also sustained an injury as he had heavy limp as well as bone infection. That mystery skeleton was Amesbury Archer. Mystery man appeared to be a wealthy dweller of cool region in Central Europe having relation to vanguard. (Stone 2005) Firstly, it is necessary to claim that a mystery man was rather wealthy archer. According to archeologists he was between 35-45 years old and was buried â€Å"with a black stone wrist guard on his forearm of the kind used to protect archers from the snap of a bowstring†.   (Stone 2005) Sixteen flint arrowheads were scattered across his body and it was assumed that mystery man had certain relation to Stonehenge. The evidence was that massive stone monument was near the burial place. Furthermore, it was apparent that archer was wealthy, because the grave was filled with wrist guards, arrowheads, copper knives, a cache of flint tools as well as metalworking tools. Additionally the grave was arranged with stone shaped like a sofa serving as an anvil. The next evidence of wealth was a pair of gold ornaments, clay pot. Indeed the archer died rich.(Rubinstein 2005) Secondly, archer was born in a cool region in Central Europe. This fact was revealed due to archers’ mouth. Archeologists stated that tooth enamel of a person was the best way to point out his place of birth. Tooth enamel consists of oxygen, calcium and phosphorous and other elements. Actually â€Å"the composition of the oxygen molecules in apatite depends on the water a person drank as a child, and that, in turn, can reveal a great deal about where he grew up—from the temperature of rain or snow to the distance from a coast and the area’s altitude†.   (Stone 2005) The makeup of the oxygen found in archer’s teeth was scanned and thus it was determined by geoscientist Chenery (British Geological Survey) that archer was born in a cool region in Central Europe. Possibly, the archer encountered â€Å"a rural setting of round timber houses with conical thatched roofs†. (Stone 2005) Thirdly it was stated that the archer had certain relations to trade and metalworking. In those times metalworking was the most important skill. And in about 2300 B.C metal implements completely replaced stone weapons and tools which defined the era of Stone Age. The Bronze Age started in the southwest of Europe in about the 4th century B.C. as it was mentioned the grave was filled with different copper knives being used as a weapon and for eating. Cushion stone proved that archer knew how to use and why to use metal instruments. There were some suggestions that the archer belonged to the vanguard of the flashy trade producing metal items used in different shows. (Rubinstein 2005) According to archeologists the metal tool found had to be buried only with his owner. Therefore archer was skillful to move from one community to another having his knowledge in his head. It is possible to suggest that he had unique and exceptional skill for those times, because archer was similar to magician. It was revealed that the arrival of the archer completely coincided with the arrival of the metal implements to the British Isles. Thus the archer is likely to be a pioneer in the new Bronze Age. In conclusion it is necessary to outline that the mystery men was considered to be the archer who lived in the Central Europe and was busy with producing metal tools and instruments for shows. Furthermore, the time of his arrival was the beginning of the Bronze Age.   (Archaeologists Figure out Mystery 2005) References Archaeologists Figure out Mystery of Stonehenge Bluestones. (2005, June 24). Western Mail, 16. Stone, Richard. (2005, August). The Mystery Man of Stonehenge. Retrieved October, 26, 2006, from http://www.kidscastle.si.edu/issues/2005/august/stonehenge.htm Rubinstein, William. (2005, November). Mystery Identities. History Today, 55, 11, 28-34.      

How visual and/or verbal features showed you that this idea was important Essay

Freedom; a right all human beings cherish and strive for, banishing any ideas of captivity. It is powerful and even more so the ability to control it. â€Å"The Truman Show†, directed by Chrsitof expresses the control of freedom in a utopian society that contradicts the purpose of reality television. This is done through the setting, costume, dialogue and camera shots intertwined in the unique world of Truman Burbank. â€Å"Ladies first†, a common cliche used to emphasizes the polite nature of gentlemen. Yet one can wonder whether it is purely the position and routine application of authority that ensures the power and control of females. In the opening scene of chapter nine â€Å"there’s no place like home†, a three shot of: Truman’s grandmother, Truman and Meryl portrays the genuine hierarchy in Truman’s life. Truman is confined and contained in between these two feminine figures; he is immobile and unable to break free. The setting itself is a cage; surrounding Truman in a world where his freedom is absent. Prevented and restricted from going anywhere, it almost seems like a cruel form of torture. Because I never have†, he has never had the chance to explore the unknown to go anywhere beyond Seahaven. To some this is immoral and wrong, to others it is just â€Å"good† television. Humorous yet serious, a phrase filled with irony and contradiction: Reality television. Reality is defined as a resemblance of what is real, a presentation of the good and bad of life. However like most reality television shows the â€Å"Truman Show† is not reality at all and the entire show completely contradicts its â€Å"mission statement†. Christof has installed different ways of controlling Truman in order to keep him on Seahaven. â€Å"We’re just going to walk away from our financial obligations? † Christof uses Meryl and many other major characters in Truman’s life to influence and exercise power over him, preventing him from daydreaming about the unknown beyond Seahaven. The sea is Christof’s strongest hold over Truman. Filled with memories of loss and pain and afraid from experiencing anymore the sea is Truman’s final frontier. It was the place where his â€Å"dad died† and where his high school sweetheart was taken away from him. After a spontaneous burst of slight madness and insanity in an attempt to leave Seahaven, an overshot of Truman and Meryl in their car stationary at the bridge shows just how much control and manipulation that has stripped Truman of his freedom in order to make a television show. â€Å"It’s all true, it’s all real, nothing here is fake†¦ it’s merely controlled†, unfortunately the control takes away the aspect of reality. Life is not controlled and there is no way that we can control it, which is possibly why reality is so beautiful. The ironic sense of the â€Å"Truman Show† is widely broadcasted in its Utopian society. Utopia is a place everyone wishes to be in, a place of bliss and relaxation where everything is perfect. An establishing shot of Seahaven’s centre expresses the â€Å"utopian† society which confines Truman. Clean streets, perfectly built buildings, beautiful sunshine and impossibly clean mown grass are few of the many â€Å"utopian† aspects in Seahaven. The costume of Meryl also prevents the audience with a stereotypical 1950’s housewife; fair skin, glossy hair, perfect body structure and a beautiful face; all features of every man’s dream girl. Yet in â€Å"There’s no place like home† even beauty and utopia cannot keep us from our hearts desires. The wedding day; a day every single person looks forward to, â€Å"the happiest day of our lives†. However through a medium close up shot of Truman as Meryl says this reveals Truman grunting and rolling his eyes. In the same scene as Meryl and Truman’s grandmother are trying to evoke happy memories of his past, the cross cutting from photos to Truman shows a lack of interest from Truman about what is being discussed. Hidden from Meryl and Truman’s grandmother but wide open for the audience to watch and digest. Truman is not currently happy and satisfied with life because he wants what he has never had. It is a part of human nature to always long for the things we do not have, but Truman has never had the chance to attempt to fulfil his desires as he has been a slave to the world of reality television. Reality is life; it is never in control, never following a set plan because that is what makes reality; reality. â€Å"What you are doing is wrong and sick! † Taking away the freedom of an individual is certainly not a resemblance of reality. You cannot control life no matter how hard you try. It is supposed to be lived out of control in a place where there are no bounds. Though this might be why so many people succeeded in life; because they weren’t held back.

Rosetta Stone

Ensure your computer is NOT hooked to the internet. If you have PowerISO, or a similar utility, skip to step 3 Step 1 -Install Power ISO Step 2 -Run Power ISO and click to continue unregistered. -Choose the large icon â€Å"mount† >> â€Å"set Number of drives† >> â€Å"1 drives† Step 3 -Mount: â€Å"The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 0. 35† Step 4 -Navigate to My Computer if The Rosetta Stone does not automatically load -Double Click on â€Å"RS_App† -Follow Install Instruction -Launch â€Å"Rosetta Stone V3† -DO NOT Check for updates -Quit Rosetta StoneStep 5 -Delete a file called tracking. db3 -Location: For XP users -> C: >> Document and Settings >> All Users >> Application Data For Vista Users -> C: >> Program Data >> The Rosetta Stone -If any of these folders are hidden in Vista, choose: organize >> folder and Search options >> view >> show hidden files and folders -If any of t hese folders are hidden in XP, right click where the missing folder is and choose: folder options >> view >> show hidden files and folders Step 6 -Run Rosetta Stone -DO NOT Check for updates -Quit Rosetta StoneStep 7 -Install The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 0. 57 (Update 1) – -Follow installation instructions -DO NOT update Step 8 -Install The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 (Update 2) -Follow installation instructions -DO NOT update Step 9 -Right Click on The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 Patch -choose â€Å"copy† -paste in the Rosetta Stone Directory at C:Program FilesRosetta StoneRosetta Stone V3 -double click on The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 Patch -A pop up will appear and say: â€Å"Activation area replaced with â€Å"minor error†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Click ‘OK' enjoy :)† -click on â€Å"Patch† Step10 Install Laguage Files by: -Run The Rosetta Stone choose: install Language -navigate to the Rosetta Stone Content Folder -right click on th e first language to be installed >> â€Å"Power ISO† >> â€Å"mount image to Drive []† -click â€Å"ok† at the Rosetta Stone Istallation screen -follow Rosetta Stone installation Instrutions -at completion, choose â€Å"continue† -choose DO NOT UPDATE -choose NEVER when prompted to register the software -click â€Å"OK† when an 2002 error pops up Step 11 -Install further language files by following the procedures in step 10 after selecting to install another language A Reminder: NEVER NEVER NEVER Update this software for any reason. Enjoy! qwerqwefqwerq

The Party of Life

The party of life Life is a challenge that we all must take and overcome. Like a never ending obstacle course, we must jump through the hurtles of work, run through the pain of tragedy, and climb up the ropes of solitude. Life never goes the way we plan it to but that is why I follow the most important law of life: It may not be the party we hoped for, but while we're here, we should dance. When life goes wrong and pushes you down, it’s our job to pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off and keep on going with a wide smile and broad shoulders.We have all found ourselves in situations, where all we wish for is to leave, and for it to be over. There are times where we question, why things happen to us, and why we must suffer. I believe that this law of life is the perfect solutions for these situations and questions. This law of life means that no matter what situation you are in, you should still try to enjoy yourself and make the best of everything that is given to you. I chose this quote because I believe if you be positive in a rough position, then you can withstand anything that life launches at you.These are the moments that keep us waking up in the mornings, and going to bed at night. Living by this quote means we should go out with an optimistic attitude, with our heads held high, and ready to enjoy everything the world has to give to us no matter what has happened. I remember when I was younger; I flew to Russia and saw one of my old family friends. She showed me the town I used to live in and I was baffled to see how much things changed. I was surrounded by poverty and alarming conditions, but what surprised me the most was how the people reacted.They were not sulking and sobbing like I thought they would be, instead, they were enjoying themselves. Children ran around with their friends playing with a worn out soccer ball in their tattered clothing giggling and with jubilant looks on their faces. They didn’t care that their clothes werenâ₠¬â„¢t as expensive or new, they were just grateful that they were with friends that cared for them and would help them out in their time of need, and family that would risk anything just to make them safe and happy.They might not have gotten the riches or money, but since they were alive and with loved ones, they relished what they had and were truly content. When we were young we all had our dreams. â€Å"I want to be a doctor! † someone would say. â€Å"I want to live in a big house and have a nice car! † another would reply. These thoughts are simply contagious as a human being so when I saw the families in my old town I thought to myself â€Å"This isn’t what they wished for but they still found a way to make it work†.Their lives weren't the â€Å"parties† they hoped for but they still had a great time â€Å"dancing†. So when life jumps out of the bushes and scares us, we shouldn't shriek and run, instead, we should turn around and laugh . When we trip and fall, we shouldn't hope no one saw us and walk off embarrassed. Preferably, we should get back up on our feet and embrace the moment and enjoy every seconded of it. Life will never be what we predict it to be, but that’s just what makes it fun and more entertaining to dance to.

Traffic jam Essay

Men have stepped on the moon. Now they are going from one place to another within few hours. World fastest car is able to sprint 252mph, but the citizens of Dhaka (sometimes) cannot reach few miles to Gulistan from Mohakhali or any other place to our destination place within hours. You must go out from your house before two or three hours to reach destination which is only 20 or 30 minutes required. Who is responsible for this? Traffic jam is that magician. Traffic jam has become a great monster in our modern life. Traffic congestion is not only affecting our business but the education sector as well. Students cannot do other tasks such as photocopying or collecting notes before attending class in the morning because a lot of time gets wasted on traffic congestions. It wastes lot of working hours of students as well as teachers. In many occasions, students and teachers fail to attend classes in due time. And it is more painful when students fail to reach exam halls and fails just due to a social problem. Now just think everyday how much national time is wasting, how much economical activities are losing, for the traffic congestion problem. This assignment is focusing current situation of traffic congestion problem in Dhaka city. What is Traffic jam? A traffic jam is a long line of vehicles that cannot move forward because there is too much traffic, or because the road is blocked by something. Over the last few years the traffic congestion problem of Dhaka City has visibly been deteriorating steadily. Limited resources, invested for the development of transport facilities, such as infrastructure and vehicles, coupled with the rapid rise in transport demand, existence of old transport and also huge number of non-motorized vehicles on roads, lack of application of adequate and proper traffic management schemes are producing severe transport problems in almost all the traffic route in Dhaka. Citizens constantly complain about the intolerable problems of traffic jam. Background Bangladesh is a populous country & Dhaka, as the capital of Bangladesh, has to accommodate a large share of this population. There are 18 Special Planning Zones (SPZ) in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area, where population has already crossed 11 million. Every year population is increase at the rate of  7 percent in Dhaka. Dhaka Metropolitan Area is expected to become one of the largest cities within the early next century. Everyday lots of people move to Dhaka for the purpose of earning money. Day by day the number is increasing and most part of Dhaka is badly affected by the population growth. Traffic jam has turned daily trips into nightmares to the people of Dhaka. The business community inevitably suffers for the constant waste of its most precious resource of time. Other commuters of being stuck in traffic jam for hours an end, while residents breathe in a lot more lead and almost 10 percent of its population seeks medical treatment each year for air pollution (Faulty vehicles, old vehicles, especially diesel run vehicles, and dust from roads contribute to air pollution) related respiratory illness. The number of automobiles has been increasing in Dhaka city at the rate of at least 10 percent annually, which has been contributing to air pollution on the one hand and traffic congestion on the other. At rush hour, a distance of three to four kilometers can take about an hour to reach. Destinations like Gulisthan, Motijheel, Old Dhaka, Maghbazar, Malibagh, Gulshan, and Dhanmondi are nightmares for commuters from any point in the city. Especially frustrating are the points Hotel Sonargaon crossing, the road in front of the Prime Minister’s office, Maghbazar, Mouchak, Malibagh, Khilghaon, Rampura, Elephant Road, Science Laboratory, Green Road, Jatrabari, Sayedabad, Mohakhali and old parts of the city mainly at Dholaikhal, Postagola, Bangshal, and Chowkbazar. People miss important appointments; are late for work, children and old people fall sick, not to mention the painful site that most of us choose to ignore – a blaring ambulance stuck in the middle of a traffic jam t rying desperately to find a way. The heat released from the engines, especially the private cars that use air conditioners, increase the overall temperature of the city. Continued exposure to pollution from the streets during traffic jams, will have grave consequences in the future health of these people. The economy, meanwhile, is losing out in millions because of traffic jams. Government officials’ estimate a loss of around tk15000 crore annually because of traffic jams. Transport System of Dhaka The transportation system of Dhaka is predominantly road based where non-motorized transport mainly rickshaw has a substantial share. Dhaka  Metropolitan has heterogeneous traffic flows. Rickshaws are the dominating mode of public transport. Trips made by public transport especially buses are very low. A substantial part of total traffic is non-motorized vehicles which enhance serve congestion especially in road intersections. The contribution of Bangladesh Railways (BR) to urban public transport is very small. We listen about big plans of elevated express ways, underground metro rails etc., but in reality it is hard to believe that these plans can ever be materialized by this poor nation having massive corruption in all sectors, from judiciary to education. The 20 year Strategic Transport Plan (STP) includes 17400 square km of water and surface ways in Dhaka and neighboring Narayanganj, Narshingdi, Munshiganj, Gazipur and Manikganj districts. Metro train services, elevated motorwa ys, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), construction of roads connecting the east of the capital to the west, flyovers, footbridges, new roads, and repair of damaged thoroughfares are the main features of the plan. Under the plan, the government will construct and reconstruct 330 km of roads and highways including 50 new roads, flyovers, elevated expressways, metro (underground railway), circular waterways, bus rapid transit, rapid mass transit, bus-route rationalization, traffic system development and safe environment. The Major factor behind traffic Jam There are many reasons behind traffic jam in Bangladesh. Among them some major factors are as follows: 1. Around 60 percent of the city roads are encroached by hawkers, and dumping of construction materials. 30 types of motorized and non-motorized vehicles are plying on the same street, causing haphazard traffic jams. 2. Undisciplined traffic signal in the road and also faulty traffic signaling systems. Traffic police have to maintain the signaling system. Sometimes they maintain the signal manually, which may create more congestion problem. 3. Unplanned growth of Dhaka, Dhaka centric development of the country, the lack of east-west connecting roads, unplanned construction inside the city, and increased number of private transports has the contributory factors to traffic congestion. 4. Indiscipline attitude among the road user, driver don’t comply with traffic rules. 5. No knowledge about traffic rules which encourage people to violating the rules. 6. Outside the mall and right beside the road,  occupation of tea-stalls and shops make difficult for pedestrians to use the pathway. 7. Enforcement of rules by dishonest persons (traffic police) who are busy in collection of illegal money from traffic rules violators. 8. Dhaka City has very inadequate road networks. For a standard city, where the minimum road requirement is 25% to 30%, Dhaka has only 7.5% road of its total area. 9. Illegal parking is another reason for traffic jam. Cars, trucks and other vehicles are parked almost everywhere. 10. Some traffic police officers are busy for extracting money for the illegal parking and violation of signal by stopping the vehicle in the middle of the road. 11. Inadequate manpower and narrow road spaces and overtaking tendency of drivers create pro-longed traffic congestions and intensify sufferings of commuters keeping people motionless as well as creating suffocating condition in the streets 12. There are bus terminals not authorized by the traffic department and the bus drivers do not go by traffic rules. Also buses stop randomly to pick up and drop passengers. 13. Each day around 80 trains enter and exit the city, which causes six hours halt of traffic in total through each level crossing. Such types of level crossing create intolerable congestion at Magbazar, Mohakhali, Staff road, Karwan Bazar and other places. 14. VIP protocol maintaining is another reason for frequent traffic jams in the streets 15. Divider problem in the city’s different important roads also causes congestion. 16. On the same road the uncoordinated road digging by Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA), Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA), Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB), Titas Gas and other utility service providers without any integration together make reasons for further road congestion. 17. In any roundabout in Dhaka the plying CNG, rickshaw, bus, etc form multiple lines. They do this to grab a tiny space out of sheer desperation. 18. Most of time, we see that during jam traffic police just let one side go for like 5 minutes or more which increase the jam more. They should manage it more professionally. 19. With mass transport not allowed through BUET and DU it creates excessive pressure on the adjoining roads. 20. Illegal occupation of roads by small traders and vendors is one of the causes of traffic jam in the town. No one is aware about it. Bus drivers are mostly responsible for traffic jam. They even don’t care about the traffic rules and signals, which may create the congestion. 21. Now a days the  number of buses increases day by day. And the local buses are run very faster. They don’t maintain the rules of the street. They just drive and occurring heavy traffic jam. 22. The numbers of old transportation are still in Dhaka city. Those are illegal. They don’t have their fitness. But they are still running in the Dhaka city. 23. More than seven hundred thousand rickshaws ply the city road, but only seventy five thousand have legal number. This huge number of rickshaws is creating traffic congestion. From time to time attempts are made to reduce the number, but the initiative usually produces no results. 24. Most foot-over bridges and underpasses remain unutilized by the pedestrians reasoning dark and dodgy atmosphere inside as billboards block view from outside. Unhygienic passageways, steep stairs and pathway encroached by hawkers make it difficult to move on the bridge and that’s why they don’t want to use the foot-over bridge. 25. Many compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling stations and petrol pumps are located near to the intersections that disturb or block the streets when large queues of vehicles break into the road. Although there is rule to set up refueling stations having vacant spaces to accommodate thirty vehicles to wait inside the compound, it has been overlooked. 26. A lot of the plush shopping malls in the city have resulting illegal road occupation by vehicles. Between Panthapath and Sonargaon intersection the traffic jam at anytime of the day is horrible because of the city’s biggest shopping mall constructed in the area. 27. Some people don’t want to use the parking space, too many people are habituated and love to park them on the street so that can resulting traffic congestion. 28. The fines for traffic violations are too meager to raise fear to the violators. The following remedial measures can be adopted for eliminating the traffic congestion problem in Dhaka city. Here three types of remedial is discussed – Short term suggestions 1. All offices should start at 7.30 AM and all education institutes should start at 8 AM, Banking should start at 9 AM and all can be end within just 2.30 PM, 4.30 PM & 4 PM. 2. Water transport should be established like other developed countries surrounding Dhaka city. By that WASA don’t need to block the street. 3. Population control must be implementing as very strictly like china, if we cannot control over the population then we cannot  give the place to our next generation. From now, from today we should not take more than one child. 4. Pedestrian facilities should be increase. Cycle path should be provide 5. Political interface must be avoid 6. There should be a whole â€Å"park† to educate on traffic system for the residents and children especially since one of the main reasons for road accidents and drivers not following rules is because of the abundance of fake licenses 7. Through lane system different sort of vehicle will run in different lane. If any driver breaks the rule he has to face some legal consequences like jail and financial penalty. 8. The government has divided Dhaka into seven zones with shops and businesses in each to observe a different weekly holiday, which may resolve some pressure of traffic. 9. People are habituated and thus love using the shortest way by crossing over the street. Now, that it poses risk for the vehicles and create unnecessary traffic block let apart risking the pedestrians’ lives, are not their concern. Create awareness to the people to use the foot over bridge, and zebra crossing to passing the road. Also make the passageway clear and hygienic to motivate people to use the foot-over bridge and underpasses. 10. Rickshaw and other non-motorized vehicle strictly banned from the street. 11. The rules for CNG refueling station have to be strictly maintained. Those are overlooked the rule are not able to do business. Midterm suggestion 1. CNG conversion for all types of personal cars (Private cars, light motor vehicles etc.) will need to be forbidden. This is to reduce traffic congestion on the streets of Dhaka city. In Bangladesh the price of CNG is comparatively cheap as a consequence many private vehicles were in the streets. In the year 2009 the number of registered vehicles was 5lac and 27,000 among these 2lac are private vehicles. 2. To reduce air pollution and traffic congestion in Dhaka city, the use of private motor vehicles must be abridged. 3. The number of rickshaw pullers is vast. Almost there are no roads or street or lane for them. So, DMP need to make an extra lane for keep the road free from traffic jam. 4. Installing of CCTV sets to monitor traffic movement. 5. Free the footpaths from illegal occupation of hawkers and bus counters. 6. Private vehicles with less than four or five passengers would not be allowed to ply the city streets. 7. From now the capital city of Dhaka should be blocked or fixed for limited persons as who can maintain living status of education, rules-regulations, civic sense, morality, regular tax payer and good service contributor etc. 8. The highway bus, truck enter and travel the city between 11pm to 6am. Other than it is banned to travel in city highway. 9. BRTC have to create lots of bus stoppage in the street but in a planned way, basically those place where so crowded. Without those stoppage any bus are not allow to stop. And also stoppage should be outside from the street, otherwise buses occupying road spaces which may block the traffic flow. 10. Traffic management system has to be stronger enough. Every driver should have to follow the traffic system. DMP have to create some steps by those citizens and drivers are able to make some knowledge about the traffic system. If the people are well known about the signal system than it will stop them to violating the traffic system. 11. In front of every shopping mall an extra road need to construct as a stoppage. Long term suggestion 1. Government can shift all wholesale markets, government administrative offices, Dhaka central jail, all industries, tanneries, to outside of Dhaka city. Industrializations should be based on upozilla; it should not depend on metropolitan cities. Then rural areas will grow up step by step. 2. Every school has to own the transport for the student – especially at the primary level. There are around 400 private & government schools in the capital. BRTC has already launched bus service for school going students to ease off traffic jam in the capital. 3. All import-export connected offices should go to near port areas of Chittagong or Mongla, or in on the way to any port where they can send the goods easily for shipment. There is no need that those offices are to be Dhaka based. 4. DHAKA city’s public transport service may have improved somewhat over the past year with the introduction of new Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) buses on major routes but it is not yet to be good enough to be of ‘capital quality’. 5. All main roads should be one way. All type car parking must band in all roads. 6. Stopping of buses in middle of roads should be band except bus stops. All  type stands of buses trucks, taxies, CNGs etc should band in the roads. 7. Flyovers are constructed at important intersections to reduce traffic congestion. Expressways should be introduced for passengers to cover long distances over busy routes, like from Gabtoli to Motijheel, Gulistan to Airport directly without any stoppage. 8. The city’s lone dependency on surface transportation system should be diversified to monorail, metro rail, and elevated expressways. Like other developed countries in the world we also have to build the underway monorail, which minimize the traffic congestion. 9. There are lots of vehicles are travel in Dhaka but the parking place is very few. So, to minimize the traffic congestion government have to Increase Street parking facilities. 10. In Dhaka there are lots of school, college, and university, some of which were construct in front of main street, some of which were residential area and also some were in commercial area. Those have to build in some specific area, not to build in the residential or commercial area or in front of the street. Conclusion While very little can be done to change the larger picture now, there are a number of smaller factors which aggravate the traffic situation in the city. Mega city Dhaka would get better result through traffic management, physical restriction on car use, parking control, bus priority and provision for cyclists and pedestrians. While relocating some of these establishments may not be feasible any longer, especially since the university campuses have become an integral part of city life, which the authorities in these institutions could allow a better flow of traffic during extreme traffic scenarios and the government should develop alternate roads and flyover along these places to smoothen the flow of traffic. Road building is a supply side measure taken on the basis of time saving but added that over the last decade, there has been a change of emphasis because of the notion that supply generates its own demand. The BRTA have to stop registration of small cars for a certain time and increase gas price have been shelved on the ground of socio-economic and political impact. Most of the cases, if any decision taken has gone against a certain quarter was either withdrawn or halted in the middle of implementation. The BRTA is yet to be strict on issuing new driving license and those of drivers driving with illegal vehicles. It has not done any improvement in its training module for both  new and semi skilled old drivers keeping mind of the time. But the drivers are the forces responsible for killing more than 3000 people every year and deteriorating the traffic jam situation occupying the maximum road capacity. The minister admitted the government’s failure in controlling the traffic situation in Dhaka. My point is failure or success comes after taking an action. But the government did not take any action at all to solve the problem.

The Globalization of the NFL case report Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Globalization of the NFL report - Case Study Example The present research has identified that one of the aspects of the current environment that is undeniable is fact that globalization has fundamentally impacted way in which individuals integrate with a good, product, or service. Many professional sporting activities, within the United States, understood the impact of globalization can have with regards to improving overall profitability. For instance, Major League Baseball is now broadcast in a handful of foreign markets and over 20% of all current players are foreign-born. This of course not only helps to improve ratings and profitability within a multicultural United States, it also helps to engender a further degree of interest with regards to nondomestic sports within the nation of origin that these sporting figures hail from. Although Major League Baseball has been chosen as a case in point, the same can of course be said with regards to the National Hockey League, the National Basketball Association, and a litany of others. As such, these domestic sporting associations have come to the realization that in order to ensure a level of continued and further profitability, it is necessary to continue to integrate with new viewers and stakeholders within the sporting process. In much the same way, the same levels of benefit can be enjoyed by the NFL is merely a set of determinants and key strategies are effectively engaged and met. Accordingly, the following analysis will seek to explain and elaborate briefly upon what some of the strategies might be. Firstly, it is necessary to recruit internationally for the National Football League. Even a cursory review of the NFL shows a situation in which nearly all draft recruits come directly from United States colleges. Although this has proven to be an effective strategy, the fact of the matter is that it does not engage any further participation with regards to the outside world. As such, a strategy for growth and the implementation of international recruiting for th e NFL could drastically increase the level of stakeholder participation of different individuals from far-flung reaches of the world might have with the sport itself. A further beneficial aspect is with regards to international market presence. One does not need to look far to realize that the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, and indeed the NBA have international marketing presence within a host of nations around the globe. This marketing presence is not only helpful with regards to selling merchandise, it is also helpful with regards to generating overall interest in viewing and becoming an active stakeholder in the sport itself. Moreover, the proliferation of a market presence around the globe would directly increase the level of interest the different athletic programs would have been offering the sport to their youth stakeholders. Going hand in glove with this international market outreach, it is necessary to understand that a significant amount of money will be re quired with regards to advertising and promoting the National Football League within these diverse regions. As such, the actual mechanics of the process will involve, like any new business venture, the appropriation of necessary funding to penetrate these markets and engage the respective stakeholders at hand. Such a process will naturally not generate increased revenues directly; rather, it will integrate with the respective stakeholders within these international environments in the hopes of generating interest and further revenues in the very near future (Alcacer & Furey 5). However, even though such a plan might be somewhat expensive to engage when one considers return on investment in the very near future, the long-term benefits of engaging with the rest of the world and seeking to globalize the National Football League have far-reaching impacts with regards to the survival and profitability of the entity itself. Where is the National Football League has generated a great deal of interest and a vocal fan base within the United States, none of this would’ve been possible had it not been for the fact that

Finance (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance (Case Study) - Essay Example They should work out how much (after paying off all their debts and driving down their expenditure) they can save every month. Good saving habits and practices begin with a clear knowledge and understanding of what one is capable of and how much one can spend at any given time without negatively affecting his/her financial health. The couple must therefore know how much they are capable of saving every month, compare that figure to the actual amount they are saving and then start cutting down on unnecessary spending. Work out a Saving Plan Ascertaining saving is only the first step. It acts as a precursor to the next course of action, which is working out a saving plan. The most important thing to note here is that one thing leads to the other, and in a case like this it is advisable to move in a systematic and methodical manner. Assuming the couple has now figured out how much they are capable of saving every month, they can now move to achieve that goal. All expenditures should be planned in such a way that the saving targets are either met at the end of every month (or even surpassed). So long as the couple is saving money, meeting its targets and avoiding unnecessary expenditures, a strong financial foundation has been laid which will act as a launching pad for financial security and freedom. Their Current Financial Situation I would say that the couple is currently doing fine. Their total expenditure per annum is $228,348, compared to their total income per annum which is $294,650. This means that at the end of every month they are able to save $66,302. In addition to this, their investments and assets total $1,771,500, while their total debt is $28,965. I would therefore say that since the couple is not in debt and they are able to save some money, their financial position is pretty healthy. As a consequence, it is possible that through better saving and spending habits, they can save even more money and maintain a positive financial outlook going forward . All the Aspects of their Finances Kevin and Alex are capable of saving more than they are saving now. The only thing they need to do is to eliminate any unnecessary costs and expenditures that can only serve to increase their debt. It is however encouraging to see that both of them have invested in either a superannuation or some other type of fund. Alex diverts a portion of her salary ($33,000) to a superannuation fund, while Kevin has invested in a superfund. Apart from this, the couple has invested in a share portfolio, an investment unit and a debenture. The superannuation is important because it provides them with a sense of security and something to fall back on once they are either retired or are unable to work. The debenture, investment unit and share portfolio also offer viable financial alternatives that would otherwise be unavailable if the couple did not seek financial security. Their Overall Situation I would laud the couple for making efforts to secure their future, because although they are faced with numerous financial challenges, they are managing to stay afloat. With a combined income of less than $300,000, it is commendable that they have made some very good investment moves. They took out a mortgage, and even though it was $850,000 at the time they took it, their house is now worth $1,050,000. This means that once they stop remitting the monthly payments that are due, they will own their home and probably get even a higher value for

Economics of carbon cap and trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of carbon cap and trade - Essay Example al Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with responsibility of providing the federal and the central government with adequate information on the level of emissions as well as the greatest contributors towards such emissions. Some of the enactments include carbon tax, emission standards, fuel economy standard as well as carbon cap and trade (Ramseur, 205). Carbon cap and trade refers to a system of emission control that uses financial incentives with an aim of encouraging firms and organizations to minimize the level of carbon dioxide that they emit to the atmosphere. A major regulatory body such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets a general limit or a cap of carbon dioxide emissions in a particular year then assigns the figure to the major polluters based on the level that they are likely to emit. The firms that wish to emit more than their cap allows will be forced to buy permits from those firms that are currently emitting less than they are allowed to emit into the atmosphere. The permits are either bought directly from the companies or are bought and sold through electronic exchanges. This program has proved successful in the European Union countries resulting in huge revenues being raised by those governments thus boosting their economies as well as regulating the amount of carbon emissions. However in the United States, only few states have been able to implement it and the main concern being raised currently is whether the central government can adopt and implement it in the entire nation. The regulation has brought about sharp criticism from some members of the political class even as some seem to be in support of it. There are several implications that must be considered carefully before the program is established and therefore this research aims at considering the economic implications of the project. Economic conditions entail the manner by which implementation of carbon cap and trade policy will affect the economy in

Bio capital in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bio capital in India - Essay Example There is a reconfiguration of the relationship of imperial power to colony into one of the vendors to the client. 1.3 Indebtedness Indebtedness is found at all levels and especially in interactions between corporations and their investors (1). Even entrepreneurs are indebted to the venture capitalists and are forced to relinquish control over their companies. Consumers also remain indebted to the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries for undertaking high-risk, decade-long drug development ventures for therapies for otherwise untreatable diseases. This indebtedness is the symbolic capital for the industry. Thus indebtedness operates at multi-level even in India, observes Rajan. When India was in the midst of a crisis in 1991, it was suggested that India take further loans from IMF which would put India into a further state of indebtedness. The terms of the loan made India more fiscally responsible for the debts. A stage was thus created for moral reforms. Chapter 2 2.1 Biocap ital in India The strategic articulations of India do not resist the global orders of techno-scientific capitalism. Rajan has tried to establish a relationship between global capital and local forms of indebtedness. He has shown the ways in which touches down in different contexts in India. ICICI Knowledge Park in Andhra Pradesh and the Genome/Wellspring Hospital, Mumbai are the two locations where Rajan concentrated as both there are institutions and they represent the political ecologies within which they are situated.

Psychological effect of Leishmaniasis Assignment

Psychological effect of Leishmaniasis - Assignment Example Due to lack of knowledge and literacy, the people in these areas find it better to keep away from such patients in order to avoid being affected by it themselves. These patients face a discouraging behave from everyone, and everywhere they go. In their report, Kassi et al. have mentioned the case of a poor girl suffering from Leishmaniasis, who was deprived of her basic education just because she was a victim of this disease. In addition, nobody was ready to marry her, due to this problem. [2] An important factor of these psychological effects is the involvement of the exposed parts of the body, like the facial lesions affecting nose and ears and sometimes leading to severe disfiguring of face; thus further increasing the social isolation of the patient. We prepared our report on the basis of the interviews conducted with the affected persons. There were ten male and ten female patients interviewed. Out of the ten male patients, five were between thirty to forty years of age, while the other five were above fifty years of age. Moreover, all of them had Leishmaniasis affecting their arms or legs. The questions conducted in our report comprised of questions covering the psychological effects of Leishmaniasis. This questioner is about asking the effects of this disease on patient’s personal life, family life, spouse relationships, disturbance at job place, psychological effects like embarrassment ant depression, outcome of this disease, social communication and also about any ways adopted by the patient to get rid of this lesion. The results of this short survey show different facts for the male and female patients. Among the male patients, it is seen that the psychological as well as social effects of Leishmaniasis were associated basically with the patients between the age group thirty to forty, while those above fifty, seemed to be less affected by such affects. While for the female patients, almost all of them suffered with

Global Water Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Water Crisis - Essay Example It is the only natural resource that is consumed by all the living beings. Its significance is evident from the following quote of the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Anan who stated, â€Å"No single measure would do more to reduce disease and save lives in the developing world than bringing safe water and adequate sanitation (Water: The Crisis of 21st Century, 2007).† Where water gives life it can also take life if it is contaminated. Millions of people die every year due to diseases caused by contaminated water. In fact to be more precise 80% of diseases in the world are due to contaminated water. 90% of waste water is released without proper treatment and poor quality of water causes approximately 50-100 lacks of deaths every year. Poor water quality leads to the death of one child in every fifteen seconds and 25000 people die every day due to malnutrition (Water: The Crisis of 21st Century, 2007). Thus the importance of clean water becomes self evident . In this paper I intend to discuss the looming crisis caused by water shortage at the global level. I have chosen this topic because its importance for all living beings cannot be ignored. All living beings are dependent on it for their survival and for this reason it must be preserved for our future generations. I intend to highlight the present situation related to water shortage. I also intend to reflect on the consequences and causes of water shortage. For this purpose I have chosen to review the relevant literature to support my argument. Towards the end I will conclude with some suggestions that could prove useful for the preservation of water resources for our future generations. Currently our world is facing serious threat of water shortage in the twenty first century. The Toronto Star (2002) quoted the figures from a report published by the United Nations in which it has been discussed that currently 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water,

Hookah Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hookah Bar - Essay Example As such, it becomes necessary to consider the nature of business practices and the manner in which the businesses align with some of the dominant cultural practices in the region. In the field of entrepreneurship, it is important for business practices to align with aspects of the culture in order to avoid the mismatch between the nature of services and the dominant cultural practices that influence market trends (Lee-Ross and Conrad 60). The process of establishing a Hookah Bar in Denver will also require a study into the balance between the level of risk and rewards. This stage will involve the conducting of a thorough survey that will require the determination of a range of issues that affect the variables of profitability, revenue, expenses, and other factors that directly relate to the business. It will be important to consider the fact that some of the issues that affect the business are dependent on the costs of operation. Calculations will be conducted regarding the levels of overheads and other costs in terms of how they influence the factors of performance and sustainability of the market. As such, the business will be considered to be viable if the promise of rewards outweigh the kind of risks involved. Presently, the prospects of success are high given the fact that existing businesses have remained relatively stable for a long time. One of the most important factors that shall be considered when establishing the business is the creation of a strong client base. The establishment of a strong client base will require an assessment of the cultural aspects in the Denver population in order to determine the consumption patterns and other important factors that can help to strengthen the clientele. I will find out from the clients some specific information about their likes and dislikes in the existing businesses. The major objective will be to capitalize on the weaknesses of the existing players on the market to maximize on the gains reached by

Identify the ethical issues within the field of Information Technology Essay

Identify the ethical issues within the field of Information Technology - Essay Example A number of ethical concerns are associated with implementing the proposed integration project. Firstly, Accounting software, Graphic design software, operating systems, and virus guards can be purchased from unauthorized venders at a lower price. This is an act of violating laws regarding copy right, patents and trade secret. In addition using low price software which closely resembles the originals is also unethical. Such software can be associated with plagiarism, reverse engineering, open source code and cybersquatting(Ethics in Information Technology - Auburn University). Secondly, employees are responsible for using firm’s computers, internet facility, software and other appliances solely for the purpose of fulfilling the duties assigned to them. This is important to increase firm’s productivity (431). Workers are also expected to avoid unauthorized using of firm’s computers and confidential data. Accounting firm’s administration cannot rely only on trust for security issues like this while in the process of integrating with a different firm. On the one hand employees of two firms adapt to changing organizational structure after a certain time period. Organizational disputes can happen during this time period (Schein, 2004 ). On the other hand newly established firm has a larger number of employees. Firms use low cost and convenient IT solutions to monitor and supervise a large number of employees. New computers that are provided under this project will be linked via a computer network system. This shared network system can be used to obtain high speed internet facility to all the computers in firm. There are unauthorized means of using shared internet connections. Ethical procedure is purchasing an appropriate package from an Internet Service Provider. Networking is also important for increasing resource use efficiency of the firm such as printers (314). In addition, accessing to websites such as Facebook, YouTube eBay and

If you were given one million dollars to spend how would you spend it Essay

If you were given one million dollars to spend how would you spend it you cannot use it for yourself,familymembers or friends - Essay Example What if I have to spend it nonetheless? What would I do and where would I spend it? The question is abrupt and took me by surprise. It was a while before my polished grey cells started to work again. I thought, pondered, mused and laughed. I had numerous thoughts and each thought was powered by another, more distinct idea. Clearly imaginative, my thinking was now starting to bog my rationality. It was time I took a final decision and the decision had to be a wise one. The moment I gave it a thought, my mind stopped churning ideas. A simple decision to spend it on others had simplified the entire procedure and allowed me to slip out of my utopia. The next thought was the execution of my plan. In order to simplify the scenario, the million dollars were to be spent for charitable use. With that in mind, I narrowed my thoughts to select the best charitable option. Even as I pondered, I had a recollection which was nothing but a reflection of my past. It involved a close friend who had spent a majority of his life running in and out of rehabilitation centers. His drug abuse had spilled water on a promising career and his life had been reduced to a human waste. Taking cue from the above example, I set out to locate a suitable property dealer and bought an acre of wasteland. The hundred thousand dollar bill was substantial to transfer the property to my name. The next step involved hiring an expert builder who transformed the wasteland into a fully functional rehab center. I then enrolled the necessary staff and took the required permission to kick start the rehab center. A month later, the rehab had treated over a hundred patients for free, provided employment to fifteen nurses and five doctors besides a dozen maintenance employees. As I had no right over the money, the rehab was transferred under the care of a local non governmental organization. Well, if you thought that I spend the entire amount on the purchase of land, the

Philosophy about Personal Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy about Personal Worldview - Essay Example My view of personhood with us as constructs made as models of God, not separated from the divine, it assists in developing a type of leadership that is supportive and caring. There is a concept in management called transformational leadership where the individual leads by inspiration, charisma, as a teacher and one who tries to gain loyalty. This is my preferred leadership style as it satisfies many of the rights versus wrong concepts laid out by the divine in many holy texts, but also helps develop others to have these same characteristics that the divine would find acceptable. By being a role model that inspires others, I believe I not only improve my standing with the divine but provide a lasting impact on human history by changing minds in the community.   Deming (2002) says that 85 percent of all failures in business are due to management incompetence or failure to lead. This is a profound statement that would seem to justify the need for transformational to ensure loyalty is gained by others so that the organization can thrive as a system of interdependent individuals. Loyalty is gained through these practical and fair behaviors of treatment toward others. It would seem, to me, that a business leader must abandon some of their self-serving, political objectives in favor of assisting and developing others in order to have a successful organization.This might be, in my opinion, and based on theory, the best way to ensure that the organization does not experience significant failures stemming from a single individual.   ... w is a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed in a set of suppositions (either true or false), that we hold about reality† (Sire, 2009, p.20). Thus, my somewhat unjustified view of death and some other elements of the reality of God and the universe are supported by Sire (2009) who illustrates that worldview can be based on fiction. However, after spending many years trying to consider the realities of death and life, it seems that my worldview is, at least, logical based on the seemingly arbitrary attitude of God about the constant instances of death across the world. I believe it is because of the joy of his re-emergence in society that it is possible, as mentioned by Sire, to know nothing at all. There is a saying in community that God works in mysterious ways and it would certainly seem so. Those who look at the world and see heartlessness, selfishness and other hardships could certainly be justified, if they have faith in the divine, to s uggest that God is indifferent and, perhaps, even a bit callous to allow these situations to occur. However, I believe that the depth of his purpose will ultimately be revealed to all of humanity so that everyone with a mind to discern and a heart to feel will understand its constructs and ultimate intentions. Thus, my worldview is one of hope in the midst of the insensible and irrational in which divinity will ultimately provide for those who find a place for him in their hearts and try to abide by his precepts. We learn right and wrong from religious doctrine and thus we are free-minded, autonomous beings given the chance as to compliance or to disobedience that will determine our long-term fate in destiny and as a part of the broader universe. This is my understanding of personhood as it

Culture critique of dominant economic narrative assignment Essay

Culture critique of dominant economic narrative assignment - Essay Example In the plot summary, Norma Rae, a single parent of two, works in a textile milling company. Incidentally, she works in a company where all of her family members and fellows are also employed. The working conditions are more than just terrible: the ambiance is hot, depressing and covered in dust, and jammed with an ear-piercing clang of obsolete equipment. The working conditions are relatively unhealthy and potentially injurious. Most of all, the benefits do not seem to equate the amount of work carried out by the workers: inferior salaries, extended working hours, and marginal health protections. Seen this way, there is indeed a marginalizing and struggling employment conditions among those belonging to the working class, especially women. The perspective of class in the America possesses a quality that is relatively difficult to pin down. In an unprejudiced and fundamental expression, it is a dominant reality in the United States. But still, the intricacy and changing aspects of cla ss relations, especially the undercurrents of class brawl, have been touched on by the mass and popular culture in conditions that equally personalize and compress the inconsistencies characteristic in such dealings (Giroux, 1). In other words, the notion of class has been downgraded to expectable methods that signify modes of conceptual shorthand. Apparently, highly influential industries like the Hollywood have taken the part of a no inferior or negligible role in contending with the class-based issues in ways as to deprive them of any societal definition. This turns out to be, for the most part, apparent when evaluating how the world's biggest entertainment industry has described the working class in life, culture and civilization. With relatively small number of exemptions, Hollywood's dealings with the those belonging to the working class and happenings has been portrayed by the kind of reductionism that operates simply to support those myths and moral standards that provide th e conceptual foundation for the predating arrangement of social relations (Giroux 2). The form and substance of most Hollywood movies, including "Norma Rae", that touches on the issue of the working class, especially women, provide the content in plane, superficial illustrations that convey nothing regarding the hidden existing reality of the life and skirmish of the working-class. Basically, the representation of the working class life and culture is established within the ideas that weigh in to its concealment (2). Social mobility substitutes class brawl in movies such as Blood brothers, Working Girls, and The Devil Wears Prada. Illustrations of psychosis and short-lived irrationality flourish in movies such as Taxi Driver and Joe. In "Norman Rae", there is a subtle exaltation of masculinity and a fete of racism and sexism, which provide the description of the plot of the film. Aside from the struggle that Norma gained from belonging to the working class, and working in a rather m asculine type of job, there is a racial indignation in the fact that the salaries

Subject Decision Theory (US MBA course) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subject Decision Theory (US MBA course) - Essay Example Steve put in all his efforts into the running of the business and managed to make it very successful, so much so that by 1980 the total annual sales went up to more than $2 million. However, after that the company underwent a turn. Steve's son, Jim, joined Blake Electronics in 1984 as a general sales manager. He had completed high school and had obtained a two year course degree in electronics. Jim was said to be quite aggressive and this quality in him did not change after he joined his father's company. In fact, his aggressiveness increased. This led to him making deals with companies which the Blake Electronics was not able to complete. Jim would take contracts to provide the supplies to companies without checking out whether Blake Electronics could manage to fulfil the deal. Due to this Blake Electronics had to face certain embarrassing situations. Still, there was not much harm done yet. By 1988 Jim had started taking government contracts too and two years after that the total sales mounted to greater than $10 million. After that the Company lost the chance of obtaining any more contracts. Jim continued with his behaviour and that led to the government not offering any more contracts to Blake Electronics. This also made the Company lose its reputation and it was termed as an unreliable supplier. Thus, by 1997 there was a great risk of Blake Electronics facing losses. To avoid ... For this he asked the research team of his company to design novel electronic gadgets for home use. The research team came up with the Master Control Center. This was to be sold for $250. The functioning of the device was such that it had two rows of five buttons and each button operated as a switch or a rheostat, depending on what you want. It was powered by two D-sized batteries which lasted till a year or so, depending on how much it is used. According to the research team, this project would cost them $500,000 and if it turned out to be successful, it could bag up to $2 million of sales. Therefore, it surely did sound attractive. However, the problem was that Steve was unsure as to whether this venture would succeed and whether his company would get profits or would lose through this project. In order to solve this problem Steve sent requests for proposals so as to conduct marketing research. Total he sent 30 proposals to business operating in southern California. First of all Marketing Associates, Inc. (MAI) responded. They had offered to charge $100,00 for a survey and according to the information they gave, that company had been operating since three years and were quite a successful business. The second and the last proposal that Steve got was from Iverstine and Kinard. This company had a very good reputation throughout the company and was termed as the largest marketing firm in the region. They were going to charge Steve $500,000 for the survey. Although the cost was higher than of the previous company, Iverstin and Kinard were more able to predict about the sales. This company also did not have as good a record as that of Marketing Associates. However, the fact that they could better be able to make predictions about the Blake

Innovations In The Business World Research Paper

Innovations In The Business World - Research Paper Example The higher the scope of coverage especially in scale, the better it is for the firm, because there is a tendency for it to establish a remarkable level of monopoly, at some point. This means that there is a great chance for that firm to dominate in the industry and achieve the highest possible market share. This will mean some remarkable implications. It is about continuing the business and generating higher profit as possible. There are many methods or strategies used today to achieve these possibilities (Porter, 1998).  An example of a company acquiring more companies from time to time is Google. Google is a search brand (Haig, 2011), but this cannot be made possible without its strategic employment of merger and acquisition. This company has been doing merger and acquisition since 2001, and recently at the early part of this year, it has already acquired at least three companies particularly for its business for internet security, home automation and timely application for Android. Eventually, these newly acquired companies are used or integrated with Google+ and other Google’s relevant line of online businesses.  Acquiring these companies eventu ally help Google improve its covered market and its services in ensuring wonderful experience and high value for its target users. This leads the possibility for Google to become a search brand, which allows it to generate a higher competitive advantage over the other companies in its industry. As a result, the other brands in line with Google’s industry are not remarkably known in the market, and if they are known at some point, Google is still holding a competitive advantage over them due to its wider scope of market coverage as one end result of its merger and acquisition strategy.  Merger and acquisition have been a common trend today in the business world.  

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay Guillain-Barre’ syndrome is a disorder in which your body’s immune system attacks your nerves. The exact cause of this syndrome is unknown, but it is however often preceded by an infectious illness such as a respiratory infection or the stomach flu. Luckily Guillain-Barre’ syndrome is uncommon, only affecting 1 or 2 people per 100,000. Guillain-Barre’ syndrome often begins with tingling and weakness starting in your feet and legs and spreading to upper body and arms. In some people however, symptoms begin in the arms or even face. As the disorder progresses, muscle weakness can evolve into paralysis. Signs and symptom may include: * Prickling, â€Å"pins and needle† sensations in fingers, toes or both * Weakness or tingling in legs that spreads to upper body * Unsteady walking or inability to walk * Difficulty in eye movement, facial movement, speaking, chewing or swallowing * Severe low back pain * Difficult in bladder/intestinal control functions * Rapid heart rate * Low or high blood pressure * Difficulty in breathing Most people with this experience their most significant weakness within 4 weeks after symptoms begin. In some cases, signs and symptoms may progress very rapidly, within a few hours. Guillain-Barre can affect all age groups. May be triggered by: most commonly an infection with Campylobacter, a type of bacteria found often in undercooked food, especially poultry. Mycoplasma pneumonia, surgery, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, Hodgkin’s disease, mono, HIV, and rarely rabies or influenza immunizations. This syndrome affects your nerves and may prompt a domino-like effect in other systems in your body. Some complications may include: breathing difficulties. Residual numbness/tingling, full recovery may be slow often taking a year or longer, however between 20 and 30 % of patients have an incomplete recovery. Cardiovascular problems. Pain. Blood clots. Pressure sores. Guillain-Barre can be difficult to diagnose in it’s early stages. The first step is a careful review of your medical history. Then a spinal tap, and nerve tests. The most common treatment is plasmapheresis- which is also known as plasma exchange. Intravenous immunoglobulin. And as recovery begind physical therapy usually is needed to help regain strength and proper movement.

Health Sanitation Practices Essay Example for Free

Health Sanitation Practices Essay * a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system * indicated for rural areas * serves 15-25 households; its outreach is not more than 250 m from the farthest user * yields 40-140 L/ min Level II (Communal Faucet or Stand Posts) * With a source, reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets * Located at not more than 25 m from the farthest house * Delivers 40-80 L of water per capital per day to an average of 100 households * Fit for rural areas where houses are densely clustered Level III (Individual House Connections or Waterworks System) * With a source, reservoir, piped distributor network and household taps * Fit for densely populated urban communities * Requires minimum treatment or disinfection Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Program EHS sets policies on approved types of toilet facilities: Level I * Non-water carriage toilet facility – no water necessary to wash the waste into receiving space e. g. pit latrines, reed odorless earth closet. * Toilet facilities requiring small amount of water to wash the waste into the receiving space e.g. pour flush toilet aqua privies Level II * On site toilet facilities of the water carriage type with water-sealed and flush type with septic vault/tank disposal. Level III * Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks and/or to sewerage system to treatment plant. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine sanitation practices and preferences in sitio ganha-an.By examining differences between current practices and preferences, the study assesses if the communities are satisfied with their current sanitation options and if there is a demand for increased sanitation coverage and better facilities. Water Supply. The major problem for poor people in most countries is access to safe water in adequate quantity, with reasonable convenience, and at an affordable cost. Solutions include local grants to install household gutters and rainwater capture tanks; local wells designed to resist pollution; and small networks of water points served by a local well, borehole, or spring. The supply problems of major cities require integrated approaches that combine demand management, leak repair, backflow prevention, wastewater reuse, and the efficient, sustainable exploitation of sources. Solid Waste Disposal. The interdependence of sanitation aspects is illustrated by the need for adequate solid waste removal to prevent the blockage of rainwater drains. Collection of refuse in hot climates must be frequent since piles attract flies and rats, and it should rely more on local labor-intensive methods rather than on expensive trucks. For the operation to be successful requires close cooperation between the users and providers of the service, and financing must come either from municipal recurrent funds and/or user fees. Excreta Disposal. Large sewerage infrastructure projects tend to be too expensive for the vast majority of urban and rural people in developing countries, and it may be impossible to build a sewage network infrastructure in congested, narrow streets. On-site options include latrines, pourflush toilets, and septic tanks. There should be evaluated at each location according to needs and priorities. As water use grows in villages and towns, wastewater from washing and bathing (sullage) can be cost-effectively handled by a separate drainage system coupled to on-site excreta disposal. Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant amount of trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a monumental problem ever since. ( Yapchiongco, 2012) For a lack of historic time series of reliable nationally representative drinking water quality data, the JMP cannot report on the actual water safety aspect of the MDG drinking water target. The proxy indicator used in the global survey methodology – â€Å"use of improved drinking water sources† – does not guarantee that the quality of drinking water consumed by people meets the standards for safe drinking water as proposed in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking water Quality (WHO, 2011). Pollution from domestic and industrial sources, geogenic contamination, and poor sanitation and hygiene all threaten the safety of drinking water sources. In recognition of these threats, many drinking water supply operators and regulators are adopting an integrated risk assessment and management approach that takes risk spots and events into account along the chain of events from source to tap. Strategies include quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), sanitary inspections, the application of health-based targets and water safety plans (WSPs). The practice of household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) can help improve water quality at the point of consumption, especially when drinking water sources are distant, unreliable or unsafe. However, HWTS is a stopgap measure only and does not replace the obligation of a service provider to provide access to safe drinking water. It is intended for people who have no access to improved drinking water sources at all, for people with access to improved sources outside of their home or premises (i.e. when contamination can occur during transport and storage), for people with unreliable piped supplies who have to store water to bridge the gaps between deliveries, and for people in emergency situations. People relying on unimproved drinking water sources who apply an appropriate household water treatment method are still not considered to have sustainable access to safe drinking water. Doing so would absolve the providers of their responsibility to provide safe drinking water and in effect transfer this responsibility to consumers. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/report_wash_low.pdf

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries Since the time, plans were being made to implement free trade we were guaranteed it would be a win/win situation.This was one of the very important step for the pioneering of Globalization. First world consumers, manufacturers,industrialists, farmers, laborers everyone would benefit. Not only the first world countries, the whole world would benefit. It would pull the developing world up because there would be plenty of good, well-paid jobs that would be created . When borders opened to the free flow of goods and services, consumers would have more variety, and at cheper prices. Even agricultural goods could move around the world to new markets, sluggish farm prices would also rise. The farmers in developing countries would now have new markets for their goods, and they would bow out of piteous poverty.It seems like the perfect idea and sounds great too, doesnt it? But like most things that sounded too good to be true, it quiet was. The American/British/European workers who had jobs that paid pretty well in the scheme of things found that their employers could clear up the factories and move to a country where the workers werent so well paid. A country where there are no tariffs, so goods could be shipped back into the First world countries and sold, often cheaper than when they were made in the rich countries. Not only was labor cheaper, but environmental laws were generally more lenient in, say, Mexico, India or China. The companies could use child labor too and there were no laws forcing a 40-hour workweek.Drive your workers to the point of exhaustion and pay them as little as possible. If they complain, replace them-This is the formula adopted by all the third world factory bosses for success. All the consumers care for is low prices from their favorite clothing stores and supermarkets. So is this what Globalization called for ? To exploit the labour in third would countries all for the benefit of the rich countries like America , Europe,etc.Consumers in th e first world countries found goods were economical when they were made overseas. The foreign workers did not have the high-paying jobs as promised. They had poverty-wage jobs and the sweatshop was back. They were under paid and working in poor conditions with masses of eager workers waiting in line for them to quit. My argument in the essay is How Globalization has resulted in Labour Exploitation and Child Labour in many third world countries. An International Confederation of Free Trade Unions report said, MULTINATIONAL corporations remained the main beneficiaries of globalisation as more than 1,3-billion people around the world lived on less than $1 a day.(Globalisation: the plight of billions stressed ,By Reneà © Grawitzky, Business Day, 30 March 2000) The widening inequalities should be addressed as part of a broader strategy by unions in dealing with the effects of globalisation. What does globalization mean to working people? Ask a member of UNITE and shell talk about the thousands of good paying jobs that were taken overseas. Talk to the young woman in Bangladesh who gets 20 cents for making a shirt that sells for $30 at The Gap. Ask the 14- to 16-year-old women in Central America who are forced to swallow birth control pills in front of their bosses so the company can keep them on the job, since it doesnt pay for health care. Ask the laid-off steelworker about the foreign imports, made by U.S. corporations abroad and exported to the U.S. because they make more profits. Or ask Iqbal Masih, the 12-year-old rug maker from Pakistan who was enslaved from age 4 and forced to learn a trade. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) .What is the reason for all this wretchedness ? Everywhere, the lives of working people are degenerating. If theyre not working from dawn to dusk,Slogging all day, for not enough to live on, they are made dispossessed and being bombed. Is it due to globalization, or greed, or laziness? Or is there something more fundamental, something less obvious, behind the worlds current problems.(What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002). In the name of competition, employers try to produce cheaply in bulk and sell larger volumes. One way to put together cheaper labour and still make greater profits is by keeping salaries as low as possible -by any means necessary. Since all wealth is produced by human labor, the fruits of that labor, or value, go either to the workers or the owners. The less workers get, the more the owners get. That accounts for the long, brutal history workers have faced when trying to form unions or improve their livelihood. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) The third world Countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Brazil have become more capitalized. The small farmers in these countries now work in factories and mills. They have become workers and in a number of ways find themselves similar to U.S. workers 70 years ago. As poor as they had been, these new workers now have less. They are concerned in trying to form unions to fight to improve their wages and working conditions.They are no more cut off in their country and continue to making ties of solidarity with their fellowmen all over the world. They are the workers who will change the face and the power of the working p eople in the world. Globalization has impulsed a number of interrelated concerns with respect to its social repercussions. The impact on labour employment, income distribution and labour standards are some of the issues included. Global competition has led to job losses or flexible job arrangements in many countries. Compared to the regular jobs these are often less secure and provide fewer social benefits. Economies all across the globe are more volatile now because of short term capital movements. This has resulted in severe economic and financial crises that further leads to unemployment and poverty. All these have created a sense of diffidence among workers and created resistance to globalization from various quarters. A well designed system for social protection is critical for long term growth prospects in open economies. The extent of social protection remains low in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In terms of social protection, there are increasingly unpredictable and fragmented employment relat ionships that lead to more and more workers not being covered by cash sickness benefits. There has been establishment of global labour standards by organizations like International Labour Organization (ILO) which work to promote rights at work, enhance social protection and encourage decent employment opportunities. But can these regulations actually improve lives of workers in LDCs? Will the anti sweatshop campaigns raise labour standards ? Will WTOs imposing trade sanctions on countries that violate standards actually help ? With economic globalization accelerating in the past few decades these questions have just got more complex and controversial. Trade and investments may not be the best way to pull up and help workers in poor countries. Labour standards and free trade are interdependent rather than competing ways to improve welfare. Unions based in first world countries play a eminent role in the dispute over globalization and labour standards whereas workers in LDCs are rarely heard from. The cause for this gap is that these poor countries, mainly those with non d emocratic governments, do not provide the necessary freedom of association or the legal protections for collective bargaining. If the workers from poor countries had been given little opportunities to protect their own interests and voice their concerns, there would be less need for activists from advanced countries to intercede on their behalf. International labour mobility has also increased due to globalization and the growing economic interdependence of states. This has also resulted in the deregulation and exploitation of labour migration. Even the migrant workmen are devoid of legal protection in the foreign countries. Even though many states have put down strict barriers on the legal entry of labour migrants, there are still a large number of irregular and illegal migrants working in low paid sectors lacking the benefits of a national worker. Most of todays migration presents characteristics that converge with concerns for labor migration policy. In short, most permanent immigrants and refugees as well as migrant workers seek remunerative activity, participate in the labor force, and face discrimination and xenophobia directed at foreigners in host countries. (Globalization, Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The LDCs face serious social and economic dislo cation associated with persistent poverty, growing unemployment, loss of traditional trading patterns, and what has been termed a growing crisis of economic security. (Globalization,Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The concerns will only increase because since 1975 the figures have only been doubling, from a 75 million in 1975 to 150 million in 2000, these figures represent the migrants living outside their home countries. The other issue in this article that needs to be focussed on is Child labour in light of Globalization. Apart from labour exploitation, Child labour is a serious concern for the consequence of Globalization. It is a grave and extensive problem in LDCs today. It was revealed in a very recent International Labour Organization (ILO) report (ILO, 2006) that approximately 166 million children in the age group of 5 14 years were classified as child laborers in 2004. That accounts for 14% of all children in that age group. These children are engaged in precarious work which adversely affects their growth, moral development and health. They are concentrated mainly in the developing countries. More than half of these children were from the Asian pacific region . The others being from Latin America and Sub saharan Africa.They work in the carpet marking factories, pornography, glass blowing, fireworks, prostitution,etc. Child labour came under the limelight in the 1990s when the campaigns were started by industrialized worlds on why such large number of children were working when they should be gaining knowledge. In November of 2000, ten children earning around $11 per month burned to death in a garment factory in Bangladesh. The exits from the factory were chained shut. Images of children chained into factories, sold as slaves, or forced into prostitution stain the popular imagination about child labor. Fortunately, while many children work in the developing world, relatively few experience such atrocities.(Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds,n.d) Of course the world organizations like UNICEF, ILO and governments initiated policies to check child labour globally. But did it help enough is the big question ? Globalization increases employment opportunities specially in developing countries due to the rapid increase in foreign investment. This therefore surges the demand for local labour and higher wages. These changes in the developing economies springing from globalization could further lead to child labour due to earning opportunities. To illustrate how trade policy and globalization can have an affect on child labour, I would like to take Vietnam as an example on how its increase in the price of rice led to a decline in child labour. Vietnam restricted its exports of rice starting in 1989. These quotas suppressed the domestic price of rice. Between 1993 and 1997, Vietnam gradually relaxed this export quota so that by 1998, Vietnam was completely exposed to the international price of rice. During this period of liberalization, the price of rice increased by 30% relative to the rise in the consumer price index. Rice is an important commodity in Vietnam. It is the primary staple in the V ietnamese diet, the largest single component of household expenditure, and 70% of households produce rice. Moreover, in 1993, before the liberalization of rice prices in Vietnam, 26% of children between 6 and 15 worked in rice production in Vietnam, and rice production was far and away the largest employer of adults. Thus, rice price increases should affect both children and adults.The study finds that rice price increases can account for 45% of the overall decline in child labor that Vietnam experienced in the 1990s. This corresponds to approximately 1 million fewer working children in Vietnam. (Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds ,n.d) In India child labour has become an accepted practice. It is believed to be a necessity to overcome poverty. The carpet industry, for example pays these children extremely low wages since adults refuse to do these jobs. Even MNCs exploit child labour in poor countries. Nike is accused of using child labour in countries like pakistan, india, bangladesh, china, etc. These children were all in the age group of 4-5 years. More than 200 children were involved in each production processes. The Nike soccer balls in Pakistan are accused to be stained with the harsh truth of child labour. More than half of the soccer ball production is done in Pakistan and every step of its production has child labour involved. So is a reputed company like Nike helping or exploiting these developing countries? In china, the members of a chinese minority group mainly young girls aged 15-18 were employed in the Longfa Shoe factory in the Guangdong province. Longfa Shoe factory supplies Nike , Inc. These compani es get down to the extent of illegally swapping IDs, making fake birth certificates, illegal migration, etc. Even the chocolate industry is accused of using child labour. In Cà ´te dIvoire,West Africa thousands of children are forced to labour in the production of cocoa. Even the well established companies like Puma, Wal-Mart, Hanes are believed to use child labour. Allegations were made against Harvest Rich factory in Bangladesh, which is a contract supplier to these US and European companies. Young children were found sewing clothes for these companies. There were at least 200 children involved, some as young as 11 years. These children work upto almost 12 hours a day. They were reported to be beaten, slapped and forced to work for 19-20 hours sometimes. They get horribly low wages which could be as low as 6.5 cents per hour. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is operating the worlds largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Liberia for the last 80 years. They exploit labour and al so use child labour. The rubber tappers are forced to bring their wives and children, they use toxic pesticides without protection. The children are forced to carry about 70-80 pound buckets of rubber on their shoulders for miles. These laborers live in shacks which exist since 1920s. All these cases, which are just a few to illustrate, include big companies from the developed countries who use child labour only to their benefits. Is this what globalization has called for?

Relationship atmosphere in international business

Relationship atmosphere in international business INTRODUCTION: Going international is seeking new markets for their products and services. To go international, it must establish good relations with their overseas customers suppliers overcoming the communication barrier and culture. Here to establish a good relationship with the bicycle manufacture based in Hanoi, Vietnam for the UK based company, the communication barrier is to be removed. The term relationship can indicate a mixture of things on how it is applied. Webster, (1992) says it can mean any type of co-operation, from coercive supply relationship to strategic alliances. Duck, (1991) says that relationship provide mutual support in form of exchange. The business marketing relationship is very important for success. The report deals with the importance of business relationship and its stages involved in creating the effective business relationship along with the variables involved in each stage. The foreign language requirement is identified in each stage and its implications in terms of training, recruitment and outsourcing. PART A STAGES IN BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT. Lindgreen, (2001), as cited in Troy, (2004), says growth in relationship marketing is not fully supported because of the ambiguous concept without clear empirical support. Ford, (1980), says that relationship can fail to develop or regress depending upon the interest of the parties involved in relation. The similarities between the two parties are stressed along the whole path of making relationship. Many of the authors have mentioned different stages of making a business relationship successful. Ford, (1980) illustrated five stages: The pre-relationship stage. The early stage. The development stage The long-term stage The final stage Conway swift, (2000) suggests four stages: Pre-contact stage. Initial interaction stage. Development. Mature relationship. Many authors like Levitt, Dwyer, Scanzoni e.t.c have developed many stages in attaining the communal relationships which was said by Clark and Mills, (1979) where benefits to both parties are concerned with welfare for each other.( Conway and Swift, 2000). The pre-relationship stage Initially there is no relationship between the both the parties. Both the parties dont have knowledge of each other, where search for new potential buyers and suppliers bring them together. In the evaluation of potential new supplier, there will be no commitment between them in this stage (Ford, 1980). In this stage each company one has awareness of each other like what areas are they good in, performance and area of work. The main objective in this stage is to create awareness, gather information and evaluation of the supplier is done considering some factors like experience, uncertainty and distance (Ford, 1980). In the pre-relationship stage, the psychic distance is to be measured in the intermediate level (Conway and Swift, 2000). The early stage In this stage, the potential suppliers and buyers are in contact with each other. This is the initial interaction between them to develop a specification for the capital goods to be purchased (Ford, 1980). The discussion of initial inputs, priorities, needs and bargaining is done in this stage (Frazier, 1983; Dwyer, 1987). The lack of experience and mutual understanding makes relationship fragile at this phase (Troy, 2004). Due to high levels of uncertainty the psychic distance increases ( Conway and Swift, 2000).The relationship is done terms of the tasks of building experience, increasing commitment and the associated reduction in distance and uncertainty( Ford, 1980). The Development Stage It is the stage after the contract signing where increase of delivery of products can be seen. Here both buyer and seller will be dealing with aspects like integration of purchased product (Ford, 1980).The trust and commitment developed in the previous stages lead to risk taking. The interdependence increases with the decrease of uncertainty and distance. Here the information flow is making more gradual development in context, atmosphere of exchange, Intentions and interests of parties (Hallen and Sandstorm, 1991). However, the relationship can be discontinued based on the assessment of their potential, the performance, or of actions of outsiders (Ford, 1980). The Long-term stage In this stage, business is grown at high level with wide range of experience in dealing with each other and relationship at a full stretch (Ford et al., 2003). The commitment and trust are to be maintained at high level for the relationship to continue with good satisfaction level in business. As this report is for developing a strong relations in business for the UK based bicycle distributor to its Vietnam manufacture, the final stage i.e. relation end stage can be neglected as this report focuses on development of business relationship. VARIABLES IN BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT Many of the authors have written a good deal on the components of successful relationships. Wilson, (1995) stated 13 important relationship variables that have support in empirical and theoretical. The most important factors which help the relationships, mostly in international context are listed below: Commitment Trust Customer orientation/ empathy Experience/satisfaction Communication. Commitment: According to Wilson, (1995) commitment is the most dependent variable in building a business relationship. Blois, (1998) commented, Commitment can be viewed as the ongoing investment to build up the activities which are to be maintained in relation. Commitment level can be high when the satisfaction of buyer-seller relation is high and the high degree of level of business along with social bonding (Conway and Swift, 2000). Anderson and Weitz (1989) commented that greater the investment made between buyer-seller relationships, greater would be commitment. Trust: Trust can be treated as the building block of any relationship. Rotter (1967) sees trust as a word between the buyer and seller where they can be relied on each other word regarding the commitments, honesty, in negotiations and taking of advantage in business. According to Morgan and Hunt (1994) trust acts as a catalyst for short-term alternatives in making them as long-term. According to Ali and Birley (1998) processed-based trust is more helpful in making relationship longer rather than characteristic based trust as it is based between individuals. Trust influences other variables like customer orientation and satisfaction (Conway and Swift, 2000). Finally, relationship without trust is just like candle under rain. Customer orientation/empathy Empathy means seeing the things in other point of view, so that we dont think of other circumstances that affecting the business. In the initial stages the empathy is more towards the buyer point of view from seller. The empathy acts as a starting step for making the relationship. Bonding of the relationship increases with the increase of empathy between the buyer-seller relations. Graham suggests that In addition to the bargaining strategy itself, interpersonal attraction (e.g. like/dislike, friendly/ unfriendly feelings) can strongly influence current negotiation outcomes and the success of future transactions (Adler and Graham, 1989, p.523). The social bonding and thinking in point of customer would create the relationship to grow faster (Conway and Swift, 2000). Experience/Satisfaction: Wilson (1995) defines satisfaction as demand and supply level performance in terms of their business from buyer-seller perceptive. The continuity of relation depends upon the satisfaction level on the partners performance upon the expectations (Levitt, 1981; Jackson, 1985). The experience need to be in a positive way rather than in negative way which descends the relationship. The experience helps in active mutual participation dealing all type of things (Conway and Swift, 2000). Communication: It is a variable which reduces the social, cultural, technological and time distance between the parties (Ford, 1980). According to Schramm, Communication is the process of establishing a commonness or oneness of thought between a sender and a receiver. (Schramm, 1954, p.3). The communication and relationship are inter-dependable. Effective communication decreases the barriers of negotiations, increase collaboration and co-ordination within the parties (Conway and Swift, 2000). The above table indicates the sequence of variables in their respective stage of making a business relationship. In the pre-contact stage Empathy plays an important is making a initial step. As this is about the awareness between the two parties, trust helps in believing each other and helps in research towards other party. As there is no actual business operation being done in this stage, the satisfaction and other variables are not considered in this stage. In the Early stage key variable is empathy, through which the contract is been signed and the flow of operation begins. Communication plays a vital role by decreasing the cultural distance between the parties. Here the trust acts as a catalyst for the relationship to improve and get strong. Satisfaction of the initial process of agreement makes the parties to move further. Commitment is not needed in this stage. In development stage, the trust and commitment of buyer/seller helps them improve the relationship further by making analysis and keeping negotiations in a right way. Satisfaction and communication helps by performance analysis and decrease in cultural distance. In long-term stage trust plays main role, without it relationship cannot move forward and stay for long time. Communication at this stage helps to remain the relationship in tact without any misleading. Depending upon the level of satisfaction, the continuing of relationship will depend. FOREIGN LANGUAGE REUIREMENTS Foreign language is one of the important factors in building the relationship and knowledge sharing in international business (Cooren, 2006) as cited in (Jakob, 2007). According to Holden, 2002, language is to be understood in basis of social and cognitive dimensions. Language barrier can be viewed as mutual unintelligibility and interpretation of culture. Building an international relationship requires intercultural communication.(Swift, 1991). Hofstede, 1993, says generally non local language is used in intercultural negotiations.(Bloch and Starks, 1999). According to Sims and Guice, 1992, p.23, regardless of the degree of fluency in language, Merely knowing how to speak and write a language does not ensure effective communication (Bloch and Starks, 1999).Understanding the foreign language helps to build up the market closeness, social and psychological distance ( Holden, ) as cited in (Swift, 1991). Pre-relationship stage In this stage, language plays an important role in understanding the other party in terms of previous performance, operation area, requirements etc. As this stage lacks mutual interaction, foreign language usage is less. But foreign language is much needed in understanding the intercultural perceptive. The persons having same cultural background and sound knowledge exhibits common pattern of opinion, regardless the party (Simintiars Thomas, 1998). As the UK based distributor replacing the manufacturer based in Hanoi, Vietnam, distributor should have proper knowledge of its culture and language which helps in building the initial trust required to build relationship. A translator would be helpful in this case. According to Gruber, translation should concentrate on ideas, not on words (Swift, 1991). The Early stage: In this stage, foreign language importance is very high. The contract of agreement is done and proper communication helps to deal with negotiations with the contracts, their needs and sources. Any translations are to be done according to, going from source language to target language with culturally influenced concepts in both source and target languages (Simpkin and Jones) as cited in (Swift, 1991). The UK distributor plans to visit the manufacture along with translator or interpreter. The negotiations are to be made with intercultural point of view. Here the cost of interpreter will be miscellaneous. Development stage: The development stage requires trust and satisfaction for the strong relationship. To attain trust, communication between both the parties should be more efficient without intercultural language barriers. The communication channels should be dense with various ways to transfer knowledge. Vietnam people prefer face-to-face interaction, social gatherings, virtual interaction and internet communication mostly (Napier, 2005). Interactive translation helps in attaining collaboration through understanding inherent uncertainties in knowledge sharing across languages and cultures (Napier, 2005). According to Swift, 1991, intermediaries act as potential barriers in attaining the market closeness and may act as leakage source of information. As the commitment is made, the collaboration is to be made between the Vietnam manufacture and UKs distributor by decreasing the usage of translators. The market closeness is to be attained which increase the product and market value. Foreign language proficiency is to be attained and communication is to be increased with the regular meetings. Training of their staff in foreign language helps in proper knowledge flow. The Long-term stage: Here cultural point of view along with efficient foreign language is important to drive relationship long-term. Johnstone, (1993) as cited by Swift, (2002) says intercultural language is vital thing. Vietnamese find it difficult to collaborate in teams (Napier, 2005) where as Britishers easily collaborate in teams. According to Ferney, 1990 satisfaction between the parties in language attain through suitable learning environment. Rose-Warne, (1994) as cited in Bloch and Starks, (1999) says non-native people speaking language makes overseas business people think negatively. This hinders British business effectiveness in international marketplace. Barham, (1991), argues doing business with English as medium of language is not sufficient as most parties try to do business in their native language. The firms should train their staff in all cultural points of view with language relation. The cultural training will co-relate people from different cultures and serve by decreasing the uncertainty, improved communication across co-cultures.(Nixon and Dawson, 2002). The learning environment between the distributors and manufactures should be bi-directional. The non-negative people speaking language should be well trained in slang which they speak. Training: Generally, the types of miscommunication that occur are: Total lack of understanding (Zero communication) Distortion of the message (Partly understanding of message). Inappropriate formulation and cultural insensitivity- the content is understood but message is not delivered in acceptable form. Insufficient vocabulary or use of idiom- knowledge of speaker in linguistic element is missing. (Bloch and Starks, 1999). Code-Switching: It is mixing of languages, restricted to members of a same group. It is unconscious behaviour, where communication is impeded between international business partners when listening is only done instead of participating.(Bloch and Starks, 1999) Staffs are to be trained in interactive communication with proper inter-cultural language. The sessions are to be conducted where staff is more emphasised on code-switching task and turn-taking. The training of employees is to be done in phonological differences: code switching, turn-taking and cultural point of view. Turn-taking: It is shifting of speaker from one to another in conversation. The length of pause and overlapping between the shifting should be acceptable cross-culturally (Bloch and Starks, 1999). Language translation: Localization method helps in translating language by combining language and technology to produce a product that cross cultural and language barriers. Machine language translation is method of translating material from one language to other through machine. According to Carlson, 2009 the machine translation cannot reach human translation. Recruitment: The recruitment of the staff is done from the Vietnam in less number, so that they would be helpful as translators and interpreters. The employees feel nativity and would helpful in building strong relationship. In the initial stage a translator is to be acquired, who help in building the initial relationship CONCLUSION: The successful business relationship development depends on the stages and the variables involved, along with their importance in each stage. The trust and communication plays an important role in building a relation into stronger. In each and every international business, language barrier with cultural differences occur. These are met by the proper training of staff in their plants with experts. All business people are to be initially trained well to solve problems in any stage of building of relationship. Interpreters acts as a source of language translator in initial stage, where use of them in further stages decrease the building of relationship. The basic types of miscommunication in language are to be considered and proper training sessions are to be conducted. 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